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Korean food
Korean food
Koreans are the only people in East Asia to eat their rice and soup with spoons. Neither the Chinese nor the Japanese use spoons so regularly. The Korean attachment to spoons no doubt derives from the many soups and stews that are part of their cuisine and the national preference for sticky rice. Korea is a small country with water on three of its sides. More than half of its land area is mountainous. Koreans enjoy a rich and varied menu, however. They began growing cereals during the mid-Neolithic period, and rice cultivation was introduced to some parts of the country around 2000 B.C. Rice remains the main staple and is eaten with a great variety of side dishes featuring vegetables, fish, and meats. Fermented foods, such as soy sauce, bean paste, and red pepper paste, were important sources of protein in early times and remain Korean favorites. Of course, no Korean meal would be complete without the ubiquitous kimchi, fermented vegetables essential to the traditional winter diet because of the scarcity of fresh vegetables. Today few homes are without a refrigerator, but kimchi remains on every Korean table. Each region has its own special kimchi, reflecting variations in climate and local traditions. Koreans also enjoy varied holiday fare. Rice cakes, red bean porridge. or glutinous rice are found on most holiday tables. New Year's Day is always celebrated with steaming bowls of ttokkuk, rice cake soup. The Tano Festival on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month features cakes made from rice flour and flavored with mugwort or azalea flowers. Chusok, the Harvest Moon Festival, is a time for thanking the spirits for a bountiful harvest and honoring one's ancestors. Crescent-shaped rice cakes are served at this time, while red bean porridge is eaten on the winter solstice. These traditions are vivid proof that food feeds both the stomach and the soul.
Traditional Korean Music
Traditional Korean Music
(자료:문화재청) Since ancient times Koreans have been known for their passion for music. A third-century Chinese history tells of Koreans playing music while working, in festivals, in ancestral memorial rituals and funerals, and shamanic rites. Music enhanced efficiency and the ritual atmosphere. The first Korean records of traditional music refer to autumn harvest festivals in the fifth century, The Koguryo Kingdom (37 B.C.-A.D. 668), the ceremony which honored Chumong, the kingdom's founder, and offered thanks for the autumn harvest; the spirit-invoking drums honoring the heavens in the Puyo Kingdom (4th century B.C.-A.D. 4th century); and the Ye Kingdom dance honoring the heavens. During these festivities, music was simple, using percussion instruments such as drums and bells. Later, many more elaborate musical instruments were introduced from China or developed in Korea. Ritual Music Ritual music was played at various rites, Confucian, Buddhist, and shamanic. Each special event and ceremony had its own music, but, with the fall of the Choson Dynasty in 1910, most rituals were abandoned except for those held at Chongmyo, the royal ancestral shrine of the Choson Dynasty and Munmyo, the ancestral shrine honoring outstanding Confucians. Ritual MusicThe term ka-ak refers to artistic songs of the chong-ak, or proper music tradition, cultivated by the literati of the Choson Dynasty. The oldest of these songs are long lyric songs based on three-stanza lyric poems. Kasa was long verses sung to a definite rhythm. They developed toward the end of the Koryo Dynasty. The shorter poems took their final form toward the end of the Choson Dynasty. Ka-akFolk music is sung by and for common people. It encompasses folk songs, farmers' music, and the popular music of professional musicians who handed down their skills and music from generation to generation.
woman's hanbok chogori
woman's hanbok chogori
The hanbok, Korea's national costume, reflects the culture and climate of the Korean peninsula. The woman's hanbok is composed of a chogori, a bolero-like blouse, and a skirt called a ch'ima. The men's hanbok consists of a longer chogori and baggy trousers called paji. Like much of Korea's art, the hanbok is characterized by subtle curves, flowing lines and plenty of blank spaces. Traditionally they have been made of plain fabrics. Any decorations are usually sedate borders at the cuffs and hem, though in modern times some people have been known to wear hanbok decorated with loud prints. It is no coincidence that the hanbok covers almost the entire body. Confucianism has dominated the Korean consciousness for much of the country's history. Integrity in men and chastity in women were the foremost social values of the Choson Dynasty which ruled the peninsula from 1392 to 1910. The hanbok vividly reflects these traditional values, and the various types of hanbok reflect the social status and circumstances of the wearer. The long white top'o overcoat made of fine hemp fabric has long symbolized the dignity and reserve of the traditional gentleman-scholar. Noblewomen of the Choson period wore long coats called chang-ot draped over their heads whenever they went out, because it was considered unseemly for a woman of good breeding to show her face in public. Colors also indicated social status and personal circumstances. Commoners dressed in white except for seasonal festivals or joyous occasions when they dressed in hanbok of bright primary colors. The ruling class, on the other hand, often wore primary colors because they were flattering. Unmarried women traditionally wore yellow chogori and red ch'ima, an attractive combination. After marriage, the color of a woman's ceremonial costume indicated her husband's rank at court. Interestingly the Korean word for clothes, ot[], resembles a person, reflecting perhaps a belief that the clothes do, in fact, make the man or woman.